Philippines (PH)
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 The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected President and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during WWII, and US forces and Filipinos fought together during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Philippines attained their independence. The 20-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986, when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Her presidency was hampered by several coup attempts, which prevented a return to full political stability and economic development. Fidel RAMOS was elected president in 1992 and his administration was marked by greater stability and progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US closed its last military bases on the islands. Joseph ESTRADA was elected president in 1998, but was succeeded by his vice-president, Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in January 2001 after ESTRADA's stormy impeachment trial on corruption charges broke down and widespread demonstrations led to his ouster. MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was elected to a six-year term in May 2004. The Philippine Government faces threats from armed communist insurgencies and from Muslim separatists in the south. Found by another user in the last 24 hours. The fares are in USD including tax per adult. | | Map |  | | Location | Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam | | Geographic coordinates | 13 00 N, 122 00 E | | Map references | Southeast Asia | | Area | total: 300,000 sq km
land: 298,170 sq km
water: 1,830 sq km | | Area - comparative | slightly larger than Arizona | | Land boundaries | 0 km | | Coastline | 36,289 km | | Maritime claims | territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation | | Climate | tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) | | Terrain | mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands | | Elevation extremes | lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m | | Natural resources | timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper | | Land use | arable land: 19%
permanent crops: 16.67%
other: 64.33% (2005) | | Irrigated land | 15,500 sq km (2003) | | Natural hazards | astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis | | Environment - current issues | uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants | | Geography - note | the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands; favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait | | Population | 89,468,677 (July 2006 est.) | | Age structure | 0-14 years: 35% (male 15,961,365/female 15,340,065)
15-64 years: 61% (male 27,173,919/female 27,362,736)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 1,576,089/female 2,054,503) (2006 est.) | | Median age | total: 22.5 years
male: 22 years
female: 23 years (2006 est.) | | Population growth rate | 1.8% (2006 est.) | | Birth rate | 24.89 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) | | Death rate | 5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) | | Net migration rate | -1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) | | Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | total: 22.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) | | Life expectancy at birth | total population: 70.21 years
male: 67.32 years
female: 73.24 years (2006 est.) | | Total fertility rate | 3.11 children born/woman (2006 est.) | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | less than 0.1% (2003 est.) | | HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 9,000 (2003 est.) | | HIV/AIDS - deaths | less than 500 (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2005) | | Nationality | noun: Filipino(s)
adjective: Philippine | | Ethnic groups | Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3% (2000 census) | | Religions | Roman Catholic 80.9%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3%, Aglipayan 2%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 5%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1% (2000 census) | | Languages | two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan | | Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 92.5%
female: 92.7% (2002) | | Country name | conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines
conventional short form: Philippines
local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas
local short form: Pilipinas | | Government type | republic | | Capital | name: Manila
geographic coordinates: 14 35 N, 121 00 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) | | Administrative divisions | 79 provinces and 117 chartered cities
provinces: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu, Compostela, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Eastern Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte, Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay
chartered cities: Alaminos, Angeles, Antipolo, Bacolod, Bago, Baguio, Bais, Balanga, Batangas, Bayawan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabanatuan, Cadiz, Cagayan de Oro, Calamba, Calapan, Calbayog, Candon, Canlaon, Cauayan, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Danao, Dapitan, Davao, Digos, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Escalante, Gapan, General Santos, Gingoog, Himamaylan, Iligan, Iloilo, Isabela, Iriga, Kabankalan, Kalookan, Kidapawan, Koronadal, La Carlota, Laoag, Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Legazpi, Ligao, Lipa, Lucena, Maasin, Makati, Malabon, Malaybalay, Malolos, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marawi, Markina, Masbate, Muntinlupa, Munoz, Naga, Olongapo, Ormoc, Oroquieta, Ozamis, Pagadian, Palayan, Panabo, Paranaque, Pasay, Pasig, Passi, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, Roxas, Sagay, Samal, San Carlos (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos (in Pangasinan), San Fernando (in La Union), San Fernando (in Pampanga), San Jose, San Jose del Monte, San Pablo, Santa Rosa, Santiago, Silay, Sipalay, Sorsogon, Surigao, Tabaco, Tacloban, Tacurong, Tagaytay, Tagbilaran, Taguig, Tagum, Talisay (in Cebu), Talisay (in Negros Oriental), Tanauan, Tangub, Tanjay, Tarlac, Toledo, Tuguegarao, Trece Martires, Urdaneta, Valencia, Valenzuela, Victorias, Vigan, Zamboanga | | Independence | 12 June 1898 (from Spain) | | National holiday | Independence Day, 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US | | Constitution | 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 | | Legal system | based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations | | Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | | Executive branch | chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of Commission of Appointments
elections: president and vice president (Manuel "Noli" DE CASTRO) elected on separate tickets by popular vote for a single six-year term; election last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2010)
election results: results of the election - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected president; percent of vote - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO 40%, Fernando POE 37%, three others 23% | | Legislative branch | bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected at large by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (212 members representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list members; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - the Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than 250 members)
elections: Senate - last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2007); House of Representatives - elections last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - Lakas 30%, LP 13%, KNP 13%, independents 17%, others 27%; seats by party - Lakas 7, LP 3, KNP (coalition) 3, independents 4, others 6; note - there are 23 rather than 24 sitting senators because one senator was elected vice president; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Lakas 93, NPC 53, LP 34, LDP 11, others 20; party-listers 24 (2004) | | Judicial branch | Supreme Court (15 justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until 70 years of age); Court of Appeals; Sandigan-bayan (special court for hearing corruption cases of government officials) | | Political parties and leaders | Kabalikat Ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) [Ronaldo PUNO]; Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA]; Lakas Ng Edsa (National Union of Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA]; Liberal Party or LP [Franklin DRILON/Eli QUINTO]; Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR]; National People's Coalition or NPC [Frisco SAN JUAN]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL]; People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO]; PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA]; Pwersa Ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine Masses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA]; Reporma [Renato DE VILLA] | | Political pressure groups and leaders | AKBAYAN [Reps. Etta ROSALES, Mario AGUJA, and Risa HONTIVEROS-BARAQUIEL]; ALAGAD [Rep. Rodante MARROLITA]; ALIF [Rep. Acmad TOMAWIS]; An Waray [Rep. Horencio NOEL]; Anak Mindanao [Mujiv HATAMIN]; ANAKPAWIS [Reps. Crispin BELTRAN and Rafael MARIANO]; APEC [Reps. Ernesto PABLO, Edgar VALDEZ]; Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives (APEC) [Reps. Edgar VALDEZ, Ernesto PABLO, and Sunny Rose MADAMBA]; AVE [Rep. Eulogio MAGSAYSAY]; Bayan Muna [Reps. Satur OCAMPO, Joel VIRADOR, and Teodoro CASINO, Jr.]; BUHAY [Reps. Rene VELARDE and Hans Christian SENERES]; BUTIL [Rep. Benjamin CRUZ]; CIBAC [Rep. Emmanuel Joel VILLANUEVA]; COOP-NATCO [Rep. Guillermo CUA]; GABRIELA [Rep. Liza MAZA]; Partido Ng Manggagawa [Rep. Renato MAGTUBO]; Veterans Federation of the Philippines [Rep. Ernesto GIDAYA] (2006) | | International organization participation | APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO | | Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Willy C. GAA
chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, San Jose (Northern Mariana Islands), Tamuning (Guam) | | Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Kristie A. Kenney
embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita 1000, Manila
mailing address: PSC 500, FPO AP 96515-1000
telephone: [63] (2) 528-6300
FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361 | | Flag description | two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing peace and justice) and red (representing courage); a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side represents equality; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top | | Economy - overview | The Philippines was less severely affected by the Asian financial crisis of 1998 than its neighbors, aided in part by its high level of annual remittances from overseas workers, and no sustained runup in asset prices or foreign borrowing prior to the crisis. From a 0.6% decline in 1998, GDP expanded by 2.4% in 1999, and 4.4% in 2000, but slowed to 3.2% in 2001 in the context of a global economic slowdown, an export slump, and political and security concerns. GDP growth accelerated to about 5% between 2002 and 2005 reflecting the continued resilience of the service sector, and improved exports and agricultural output. Nonetheless, it will take a higher, sustained growth path to make appreciable progress in the alleviation of poverty given the Philippines' high annual population growth rate and unequal distribution of income. The Philippines also faces higher oil prices, higher interest rates on its dollar borrowings, and higher inflation. Fiscal constraints limit Manila's ability to finance infrastructure and social spending. The Philippines' consistently large budget deficit has produced a high debt level, and this situation has forced Manila to spend a large portion of the national government budget on debt service. Large unprofitable public enterprises, especially in the energy sector, contribute to the government's debt because of slow progress on privatization. Credit rating agencies have at times expressed concern about the Philippines' ability to service the debt, though central bank reserves appear adequate and large remittance inflows appear stable. The implementation of the expanded Value Added Tax (VAT) in November 2005 boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the peso, which gained 5.7 percent year-on-year, making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005. Investors and credit rating institutions will continue to look for effective implementation of the new VAT and continued improvement in the government's overall fiscal capacity in the coming year. | | GDP (purchasing power parity) | $451.3 billion (2005 est.) | | GDP (official exchange rate) | $91.36 billion (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate | 5.1% (2005 est.) | | GDP - per capita (PPP) | $5,100 (2005 est.) | | GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 14.4%
industry: 32.6%
services: 53% (2005 est.) | | Labor force | 36.73 million (2005 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 36%
industry: 16%
services: 48% (2004 est.) | | Unemployment rate | 8.7% (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line | 40% (2001 est.) | | Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 31.9% (2003) | | Distribution of family income - Gini index | 46.6 (2003) | | Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7.6% (2005 est.) | | Investment (gross fixed) | 15.5% of GDP (2005 est.) | | Budget | revenues: $12.38 billion
expenditures: $15.77 billion; including capital expenditures of $2.4 million (2005 est.) | | Public debt | 72.3% of GDP (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish | | Industries | electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing | | Industrial production growth rate | 2.2% (2005 est.) | | Electricity - production | 47.82 billion kWh (2003) | | Electricity - consumption | 44.48 billion kWh (2003) | | Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2003) | | Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (2003) | | Oil - production | 14,360 bbl/day (2003 est.) | | Oil - consumption | 335,000 bbl/day (2003 est.) | | Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2001) | | Oil - imports | 312,000 bbl/day (2003) | | Oil - proved reserves | 152 million bbl (1 January 2004) | | Natural gas - production | 2.3 billion cu m (2003 est.) | | Natural gas - consumption | 2.3 billion cu m (2003 est.) | | Natural gas - exports | 0 cu m (2004 est.) | | Natural gas - imports | 0 cu m (2004 est.) | | Natural gas - proved reserves | 106.8 billion cu m (1 January 2004) | | Current account balance | $2.354 billion (2005 est.) | | Exports | $41.25 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) | | Exports - commodities | electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment, garments, optical instruments, coconut products, fruits and nuts, copper products, chemicals | | Exports - partners | US 18%, Japan 17.5%, China 9.9%, Netherlands 9.8%, Hong Kong 8.1%, Singapore 6.6%, Malaysia 6%, Taiwan 4.6% (2005) | | Imports | $42.66 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) | | Imports - commodities | raw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehicles and vehicle parts, plastic, chemicals, grains | | Imports - partners | US 19.2%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7.9%, Taiwan 7.5%, China 6.3%, South Korea 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2005) | | Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $18.5 billion (2005 est.) | | Debt - external | $65.71 billion (2005 est.) | | Economic aid - recipient | ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004) | | Currency (code) | Philippine peso (PHP) | | Exchange rates | Philippine pesos per US dollar - 55.086 (2005), 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003), 51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001) | | Fiscal year | calendar year | | Telephones - main lines in use | 3,437,500 (2004) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 32,935,900 (2004) | | Telephone system | general assessment: good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and inter-island service adequate
domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
international: country code - 63; 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan | | Radio broadcast stations | AM 369, FM 583, shortwave 5
note: each shortwave station operates on multiple frequencies in the language of the target audience (2004) | | Television broadcast stations | 225; note - 1373 CATV networks (2004) | | Internet country code | .ph | | Internet hosts | 96,500 (2005) | | Internet users | 7.82 million (2005) | | Airports | 256 (2006) | | Airports - with paved runways | total: 83
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 36
under 914 m: 10 (2006) | | Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 173
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 69
under 914 m: 99 (2006) | | Heliports | 2 (2006) | | Pipelines | gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004) | | Railways | total: 897 km
narrow gauge: 897 km 1.067-m gauge (492 km are in operation) (2005) | | Roadways | total: 200,037 km
paved: 19,804 km
unpaved: 180,233 km (2003) | | Waterways | 3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m) (2005) | | Merchant marine | total: 413 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,740,008 GRT/6,595,554 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 83, cargo 116, chemical tanker 13, container 7, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 17, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 72, petroleum tanker 47, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 14, vehicle carrier 12
foreign-owned: 67 (Canada 1, Germany 2, Greece 7, Hong Kong 2, India 1, Japan 25, Malaysia 1, Netherlands 20, Taiwan 2, UAE 2, US 4)
registered in other countries: 45 (Australia 1, The Bahamas 1, Cambodia 1, Cayman Islands 1, Comoros 1, Cyprus 2, Hong Kong 15, Indonesia 1, Panama 17, Singapore 3, unknown 2) (2005) | | Ports and terminals | Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila, Surigao | | Military branches | Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force | | Military service age and obligation | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001) | | Manpower available for military service | males age 18-49: 20,131,179
females age 18-49: 20,009,526 (2005 est.) | | Manpower fit for military service | males age 18-49: 15,170,096
females age 18-49: 16,931,191 (2005 est.) | | Manpower reaching military service age annually | males age 18-49: 907,542
females age 18-49: 878,712 (2005 est.) | | Military expenditures - dollar figure | $836.9 million (2005 est.) | | Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 0.9% (2005 est.) | | Disputes - international | Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf | | Refugees and internally displaced persons | IDPs: 150,000 (fighting between government troops and MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2005) | | Illicit drugs | domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing problem in recent years; longstanding marijuana producer |
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